Biology

Factors affecting Vaccine production – Vaccine immunology fundamentals [Part-4]

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This part signifies factors that affect vaccine production and how a vaccine works. We have already seen the basics of the immune system in part 1. Innate and adaptive immunity plays a significant role in host defence. There are majorly five types of vaccines that occur (Attenuated, Inactive, Subunit, DNA, Recombinant); Also, we’ve seen the …

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Modes of infection- Vaccine immunology fundamentals [Part-3]

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Our immune system is highly complex. To cause infections, many modes of entry and mechanisms are carried out by various pathogens. Types of microorganisms are viruses, bacteria, protozoans, archaea, protozoa, algae, and fungi.  First of all, what is a microorganism?- It is a micro-scaled organism that is in the form of unicellular and multicellular. Most …

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Mucormycosis- A black fungal infection linked to Covid-19

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Our World is full of single cells to multicellular organisms. These things need survival factors, that is, food. Some groups make their food (Autotrophs), some depend on others (Heterotrophs), and a few make it difficult for others to pick up foods (Parasites). In this twentieth century, all of us face a challenge caused by the …

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How does mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother?

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All we know is that Mitochondria is a powerhouse of the cell because of their energy production – ATPs. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), known for its energy production using acetyl-CoA (3C compound). This cycle plays a significant role in metabolism and biosynthesis, and it occurs in mitochondria. The other one is the electron transport chain …

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How amino acids are classified?

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Amino acids are the building block of protein, the same as the brick needed for a house. The different combinations of amino acids produce different classes of proteins like hormones, enzymes, growth factors, transporters, antibodies, antibiotics, mushroom poison, milk protein, horn, eye lens and hair. This article comes up with a brief explanation of different …

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Things you need to know about ABO and Bombay blood group

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Globally, the requirements of things are escalating day by day, and it is delivered widely by the transportation system. Similar to that, our human body requires specific components for survival; our bloodstream transports such components all over the human body. All we know are our blood groups, and mostly it may be “A”,” B”, “AB” …

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Types of Vaccines -Vaccine Immunology Fundamentals [Part 2]

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In the past few months, most heard words are covid-19 pandemic, Quarantine, lockdown, and “vaccines”. In this pandemic situation, everyone wishes to get vaccines against Covid-19. Such vaccines are now more critical for people to lead an everyday life. In 1796, the first vaccine was developed by Edward Jenner. That is the smallpox vaccine. Moreover, …

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Vaccine immunology – Fundamentals [Part 1]

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Our skin is being commonplace to microorganisms. Few microorganisms are an asset to our body, but most microorganisms invade our body, leaving us vulnerable. If microorganisms weaken our body, it is difficult for our body to defend itself. So we have to avert it. In order to achieve this, the human body has a guarding …

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